diff --git a/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/WhisperServerService.java b/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/WhisperServerService.java
index 1efc81861..2ba46edab 100644
--- a/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/WhisperServerService.java
+++ b/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/WhisperServerService.java
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import io.lettuce.core.resource.ClientResources;
 import io.micrometer.core.instrument.Meter.Id;
 import io.micrometer.core.instrument.Metrics;
 import io.micrometer.core.instrument.Tags;
+import io.micrometer.core.instrument.binder.jvm.ExecutorServiceMetrics;
 import io.micrometer.core.instrument.config.MeterFilter;
 import io.micrometer.core.instrument.distribution.DistributionStatisticConfig;
 import io.micrometer.datadog.DatadogMeterRegistry;
@@ -137,6 +138,7 @@ import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.metrics.GarbageCollectionGauges;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.metrics.MaxFileDescriptorGauge;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.metrics.MetricsApplicationEventListener;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.metrics.MetricsRequestEventListener;
+import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.metrics.MetricsUtil;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.metrics.MicrometerRegistryManager;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.metrics.NetworkReceivedGauge;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.metrics.NetworkSentGauge;
@@ -234,6 +236,8 @@ import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.workers.UnlinkDeviceCommand;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.workers.ZkParamsCommand;
 import org.whispersystems.websocket.WebSocketResourceProviderFactory;
 import org.whispersystems.websocket.setup.WebSocketEnvironment;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Scheduler;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Schedulers;
 import software.amazon.awssdk.auth.credentials.AwsBasicCredentials;
 import software.amazon.awssdk.auth.credentials.StaticCredentialsProvider;
 import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
@@ -399,12 +403,15 @@ public class WhisperServerService extends Application<WhisperServerConfiguration
     FaultTolerantRedisCluster rateLimitersCluster      = new FaultTolerantRedisCluster("rate_limiters", config.getRateLimitersCluster(), redisClientResources);
 
     final BlockingQueue<Runnable> keyspaceNotificationDispatchQueue = new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(100_000);
-    Metrics.gaugeCollectionSize(name(getClass(), "keyspaceNotificationDispatchQueueSize"), Collections.emptyList(), keyspaceNotificationDispatchQueue);
+    Metrics.gaugeCollectionSize(name(getClass(), "keyspaceNotificationDispatchQueueSize"), Collections.emptyList(),
+        keyspaceNotificationDispatchQueue);
     final BlockingQueue<Runnable> receiptSenderQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
     Metrics.gaugeCollectionSize(name(getClass(), "receiptSenderQueue"), Collections.emptyList(), receiptSenderQueue);
-
     final BlockingQueue<Runnable> fcmSenderQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
     Metrics.gaugeCollectionSize(name(getClass(), "fcmSenderQueue"), Collections.emptyList(), fcmSenderQueue);
+    final BlockingQueue<Runnable> messageDeliveryQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
+    Metrics.gaugeCollectionSize(MetricsUtil.name(getClass(), "messageDeliveryQueue"), Collections.emptyList(),
+        messageDeliveryQueue);
 
     ScheduledExecutorService recurringJobExecutor = environment.lifecycle()
         .scheduledExecutorService(name(getClass(), "recurringJob-%d")).threads(6).build();
@@ -416,6 +423,16 @@ public class WhisperServerService extends Application<WhisperServerConfiguration
     ExecutorService          storageServiceExecutor               = environment.lifecycle().executorService(name(getClass(), "storageService-%d")).maxThreads(1).minThreads(1).build();
     ExecutorService          accountDeletionExecutor              = environment.lifecycle().executorService(name(getClass(), "accountCleaner-%d")).maxThreads(16).minThreads(16).build();
 
+    // using 80 threads to match Schedulers.boundedElastic() behavior
+    Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler = Schedulers.fromExecutorService(
+        ExecutorServiceMetrics.monitor(Metrics.globalRegistry,
+            environment.lifecycle().executorService(name(getClass(), "messageDelivery-%d"))
+                .minThreads(80)
+                .maxThreads(80)
+                .workQueue(messageDeliveryQueue)
+                .build(),
+            MetricsUtil.name(getClass(), "messageDeliveryExecutor")),
+        "messageDelivery");
     // TODO: generally speaking this is a DynamoDB I/O executor for the accounts table; we should eventually have a general executor for speaking to the accounts table, but most of the server is still synchronous so this isn't widely useful yet
     ExecutorService batchIdentityCheckExecutor = environment.lifecycle().executorService(name(getClass(), "batchIdentityCheck-%d")).minThreads(32).maxThreads(32).build();
     ExecutorService multiRecipientMessageExecutor = environment.lifecycle()
@@ -485,7 +502,7 @@ public class WhisperServerService extends Application<WhisperServerConfiguration
     StoredVerificationCodeManager pendingDevicesManager   = new StoredVerificationCodeManager(pendingDevices);
     ProfilesManager profilesManager = new ProfilesManager(profiles, cacheCluster);
     MessagesCache messagesCache = new MessagesCache(messagesCluster, messagesCluster, Clock.systemUTC(),
-        keyspaceNotificationDispatchExecutor, messageDeletionAsyncExecutor);
+        keyspaceNotificationDispatchExecutor, messageDeliveryScheduler, messageDeletionAsyncExecutor);
     PushLatencyManager pushLatencyManager = new PushLatencyManager(metricsCluster, dynamicConfigurationManager);
     ReportMessageManager reportMessageManager = new ReportMessageManager(reportMessageDynamoDb, rateLimitersCluster,
         config.getReportMessageConfiguration().getCounterTtl());
@@ -674,7 +691,7 @@ public class WhisperServerService extends Application<WhisperServerConfiguration
     webSocketEnvironment.setAuthenticator(new WebSocketAccountAuthenticator(accountAuthenticator));
     webSocketEnvironment.setConnectListener(
         new AuthenticatedConnectListener(receiptSender, messagesManager, pushNotificationManager,
-            clientPresenceManager, websocketScheduledExecutor));
+            clientPresenceManager, websocketScheduledExecutor, messageDeliveryScheduler));
     webSocketEnvironment.jersey()
         .register(new WebsocketRefreshApplicationEventListener(accountsManager, clientPresenceManager));
     webSocketEnvironment.jersey().register(new RequestStatisticsFilter(TrafficSource.WEBSOCKET));
@@ -750,8 +767,9 @@ public class WhisperServerService extends Application<WhisperServerConfiguration
         new DirectoryV2Controller(directoryV2CredentialsGenerator),
         new DonationController(clock, zkReceiptOperations, redeemedReceiptsManager, accountsManager, config.getBadges(),
             ReceiptCredentialPresentation::new),
-        new MessageController(rateLimiters, messageSender, receiptSender, accountsManager, deletedAccountsManager, messagesManager, pushNotificationManager, reportMessageManager, multiRecipientMessageExecutor,
-            reportSpamTokenProvider),
+        new MessageController(rateLimiters, messageSender, receiptSender, accountsManager, deletedAccountsManager,
+            messagesManager, pushNotificationManager, reportMessageManager, multiRecipientMessageExecutor,
+            messageDeliveryScheduler, reportSpamTokenProvider),
         new PaymentsController(currencyManager, paymentsCredentialsGenerator),
         new ProfileController(clock, rateLimiters, accountsManager, profilesManager, dynamicConfigurationManager,
             profileBadgeConverter, config.getBadges(), cdnS3Client, profileCdnPolicyGenerator, profileCdnPolicySigner,
diff --git a/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/controllers/MessageController.java b/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/controllers/MessageController.java
index 55619813e..5c331b14b 100644
--- a/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/controllers/MessageController.java
+++ b/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/controllers/MessageController.java
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.util.ua.UnrecognizedUserAgentException;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.util.ua.UserAgentUtil;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.websocket.WebSocketConnection;
 import org.whispersystems.websocket.Stories;
-import reactor.core.scheduler.Schedulers;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Scheduler;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("OptionalUsedAsFieldOrParameterType")
 @Path("/v1/messages")
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ public class MessageController {
   private final PushNotificationManager pushNotificationManager;
   private final ReportMessageManager reportMessageManager;
   private final ExecutorService multiRecipientMessageExecutor;
+  private final Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler;
   private final ReportSpamTokenProvider reportSpamTokenProvider;
 
   private static final String REJECT_OVERSIZE_MESSAGE_COUNTER = name(MessageController.class, "rejectOversizeMessage");
@@ -154,6 +155,7 @@ public class MessageController {
       PushNotificationManager pushNotificationManager,
       ReportMessageManager reportMessageManager,
       @Nonnull ExecutorService multiRecipientMessageExecutor,
+      Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler,
       @Nonnull ReportSpamTokenProvider reportSpamTokenProvider) {
     this.rateLimiters = rateLimiters;
     this.messageSender = messageSender;
@@ -164,6 +166,7 @@ public class MessageController {
     this.pushNotificationManager = pushNotificationManager;
     this.reportMessageManager = reportMessageManager;
     this.multiRecipientMessageExecutor = Objects.requireNonNull(multiRecipientMessageExecutor);
+    this.messageDeliveryScheduler = messageDeliveryScheduler;
     this.reportSpamTokenProvider = reportSpamTokenProvider;
   }
 
@@ -553,7 +556,7 @@ public class MessageController {
           return messages;
         })
         .timeout(Duration.ofSeconds(5))
-        .subscribeOn(Schedulers.boundedElastic())
+        .subscribeOn(messageDeliveryScheduler)
         .toFuture();
   }
 
diff --git a/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/push/ReceiptSender.java b/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/push/ReceiptSender.java
index e34cf9498..818fdbc1e 100644
--- a/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/push/ReceiptSender.java
+++ b/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/push/ReceiptSender.java
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ package org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.push;
 
 import com.codahale.metrics.InstrumentedExecutorService;
 import com.codahale.metrics.SharedMetricRegistries;
+import io.micrometer.core.instrument.Metrics;
+import io.micrometer.core.instrument.binder.jvm.ExecutorServiceMetrics;
 import java.util.UUID;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
@@ -29,9 +31,13 @@ public class ReceiptSender {
       final ExecutorService executor) {
     this.accountManager = accountManager;
     this.messageSender = messageSender;
-    this.executor = new InstrumentedExecutorService(executor,
-        SharedMetricRegistries.getOrCreate(Constants.METRICS_NAME),
-        MetricsUtil.name(ReceiptSender.class, "executor"));
+    this.executor = ExecutorServiceMetrics.monitor(
+        Metrics.globalRegistry,
+        new InstrumentedExecutorService(executor,
+            SharedMetricRegistries.getOrCreate(Constants.METRICS_NAME),
+            MetricsUtil.name(ReceiptSender.class, "executor")),
+        MetricsUtil.name(ReceiptSender.class, "executor"))
+    ;
   }
 
   public void sendReceipt(UUID sourceUuid, long sourceDeviceId, UUID destinationUuid, long messageId) {
diff --git a/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/storage/MessagesCache.java b/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/storage/MessagesCache.java
index 2b0bd0d2f..792984157 100644
--- a/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/storage/MessagesCache.java
+++ b/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/storage/MessagesCache.java
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ public class MessagesCache extends RedisClusterPubSubAdapter<String, String> imp
   private final Clock clock;
 
   private final ExecutorService notificationExecutorService;
+  private final Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler;
   private final ExecutorService messageDeletionExecutorService;
   // messageDeletionExecutorService wrapped into a reactor Scheduler
   private final Scheduler messageDeletionScheduler;
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ public class MessagesCache extends RedisClusterPubSubAdapter<String, String> imp
   private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MessagesCache.class);
 
   public MessagesCache(final FaultTolerantRedisCluster insertCluster, final FaultTolerantRedisCluster readDeleteCluster,
-      final Clock clock, final ExecutorService notificationExecutorService,
+      final Clock clock, final ExecutorService notificationExecutorService, final Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler,
       final ExecutorService messageDeletionExecutorService) throws IOException {
 
     this.readDeleteCluster = readDeleteCluster;
@@ -111,6 +112,7 @@ public class MessagesCache extends RedisClusterPubSubAdapter<String, String> imp
     this.clock = clock;
 
     this.notificationExecutorService = notificationExecutorService;
+    this.messageDeliveryScheduler = messageDeliveryScheduler;
     this.messageDeletionExecutorService = messageDeletionExecutorService;
     this.messageDeletionScheduler = Schedulers.fromExecutorService(messageDeletionExecutorService, "messageDeletion");
 
@@ -263,7 +265,7 @@ public class MessagesCache extends RedisClusterPubSubAdapter<String, String> imp
         })
         .limitRate(1)
         // we want to ensure we don’t accidentally block the Lettuce/netty i/o executors
-        .publishOn(Schedulers.boundedElastic())
+        .publishOn(messageDeliveryScheduler)
         .map(Pair::first)
         .flatMapIterable(queueItems -> {
           final List<MessageProtos.Envelope> envelopes = new ArrayList<>(queueItems.size() / 2);
diff --git a/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/websocket/AuthenticatedConnectListener.java b/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/websocket/AuthenticatedConnectListener.java
index 034bf75ec..4569f6b14 100644
--- a/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/websocket/AuthenticatedConnectListener.java
+++ b/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/websocket/AuthenticatedConnectListener.java
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import com.codahale.metrics.Counter;
 import com.codahale.metrics.MetricRegistry;
 import com.codahale.metrics.SharedMetricRegistries;
 import com.codahale.metrics.Timer;
+import io.micrometer.core.instrument.Metrics;
+import io.micrometer.core.instrument.Tags;
 import java.util.EnumMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
@@ -18,8 +20,6 @@ import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
-import io.micrometer.core.instrument.Metrics;
-import io.micrometer.core.instrument.Tags;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.auth.AuthenticatedAccount;
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.util.ua.UnrecognizedUserAgentException;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.util.ua.UserAgentUtil;
 import org.whispersystems.websocket.session.WebSocketSessionContext;
 import org.whispersystems.websocket.setup.WebSocketConnectListener;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Scheduler;
 
 public class AuthenticatedConnectListener implements WebSocketConnectListener {
 
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ public class AuthenticatedConnectListener implements WebSocketConnectListener {
   private final PushNotificationManager pushNotificationManager;
   private final ClientPresenceManager clientPresenceManager;
   private final ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutorService;
+  private final Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler;
 
   private final Map<ClientPlatform, AtomicInteger> openWebsocketsByClientPlatform;
   private final AtomicInteger openWebsocketsFromUnknownPlatforms;
@@ -69,12 +71,14 @@ public class AuthenticatedConnectListener implements WebSocketConnectListener {
       MessagesManager messagesManager,
       PushNotificationManager pushNotificationManager,
       ClientPresenceManager clientPresenceManager,
-      ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutorService) {
+      ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutorService,
+      Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler) {
     this.receiptSender = receiptSender;
     this.messagesManager = messagesManager;
     this.pushNotificationManager = pushNotificationManager;
     this.clientPresenceManager = clientPresenceManager;
     this.scheduledExecutorService = scheduledExecutorService;
+    this.messageDeliveryScheduler = messageDeliveryScheduler;
 
     openWebsocketsByClientPlatform = new EnumMap<>(ClientPlatform.class);
 
@@ -100,7 +104,8 @@ public class AuthenticatedConnectListener implements WebSocketConnectListener {
       final WebSocketConnection connection = new WebSocketConnection(receiptSender,
           messagesManager, auth, device,
           context.getClient(),
-          scheduledExecutorService);
+          scheduledExecutorService,
+          messageDeliveryScheduler);
 
       final AtomicInteger openWebsocketAtomicInteger = getOpenWebsocketCounter(context.getClient().getUserAgent());
 
diff --git a/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/websocket/WebSocketConnection.java b/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/websocket/WebSocketConnection.java
index 2b7d60a59..575b3e420 100644
--- a/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/websocket/WebSocketConnection.java
+++ b/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/websocket/WebSocketConnection.java
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ import reactor.core.observability.micrometer.Micrometer;
 import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
 import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
 import reactor.core.scheduler.Scheduler;
-import reactor.core.scheduler.Schedulers;
 
 public class WebSocketConnection implements MessageAvailabilityListener, DisplacedPresenceListener {
 
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ public class WebSocketConnection implements MessageAvailabilityListener, Displac
   private final AtomicReference<Disposable> messageSubscription = new AtomicReference<>();
 
   private final Random random = new Random();
-  private final Scheduler reactiveScheduler;
+  private final Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler;
 
   private enum StoredMessageState {
     EMPTY,
@@ -136,29 +135,12 @@ public class WebSocketConnection implements MessageAvailabilityListener, Displac
   }
 
   public WebSocketConnection(ReceiptSender receiptSender,
-      MessagesManager messagesManager,
-      AuthenticatedAccount auth,
-      Device device,
-      WebSocketClient client,
-      ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutorService) {
-
-    this(receiptSender,
-        messagesManager,
-        auth,
-        device,
-        client,
-        scheduledExecutorService,
-        Schedulers.boundedElastic());
-  }
-
-  @VisibleForTesting
-  WebSocketConnection(ReceiptSender receiptSender,
       MessagesManager messagesManager,
       AuthenticatedAccount auth,
       Device device,
       WebSocketClient client,
       ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutorService,
-      Scheduler reactiveScheduler) {
+      Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler) {
 
     this(receiptSender,
         messagesManager,
@@ -167,7 +149,7 @@ public class WebSocketConnection implements MessageAvailabilityListener, Displac
         client,
         DEFAULT_SEND_FUTURES_TIMEOUT_MILLIS,
         scheduledExecutorService,
-        reactiveScheduler);
+        messageDeliveryScheduler);
   }
 
   @VisibleForTesting
@@ -178,7 +160,7 @@ public class WebSocketConnection implements MessageAvailabilityListener, Displac
       WebSocketClient client,
       int sendFuturesTimeoutMillis,
       ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutorService,
-      Scheduler reactiveScheduler) {
+      Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler) {
 
     this.receiptSender = receiptSender;
     this.messagesManager = messagesManager;
@@ -187,7 +169,7 @@ public class WebSocketConnection implements MessageAvailabilityListener, Displac
     this.client = client;
     this.sendFuturesTimeoutMillis = sendFuturesTimeoutMillis;
     this.scheduledExecutorService = scheduledExecutorService;
-    this.reactiveScheduler = reactiveScheduler;
+    this.messageDeliveryScheduler = messageDeliveryScheduler;
   }
 
   public void start() {
@@ -366,7 +348,7 @@ public class WebSocketConnection implements MessageAvailabilityListener, Displac
         .flatMapSequential(envelope ->
             Mono.fromFuture(sendMessage(envelope)
                 .orTimeout(sendFuturesTimeoutMillis, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)))
-        .subscribeOn(reactiveScheduler)
+        .subscribeOn(messageDeliveryScheduler)
         .subscribe(
             // no additional consumer of values - it is Flux<Void> by now
             null,
diff --git a/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/workers/AssignUsernameCommand.java b/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/workers/AssignUsernameCommand.java
index 3dabc6d5a..96b949a31 100644
--- a/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/workers/AssignUsernameCommand.java
+++ b/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/workers/AssignUsernameCommand.java
@@ -58,6 +58,8 @@ import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.storage.UsernameHashNotAvailableExceptio
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.storage.UsernameReservationNotFoundException;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.storage.VerificationCodeStore;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.util.DynamoDbFromConfig;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Scheduler;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Schedulers;
 import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbAsyncClient;
 import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
 
@@ -100,6 +102,9 @@ public class AssignUsernameCommand extends EnvironmentCommand<WhisperServerConfi
     FaultTolerantRedisCluster cacheCluster = new FaultTolerantRedisCluster("main_cache_cluster",
         configuration.getCacheClusterConfiguration(), redisClusterClientResources);
 
+    Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler = Schedulers.fromExecutorService(
+        environment.lifecycle().executorService("messageDelivery-%d").maxThreads(4)
+            .build());
     ExecutorService keyspaceNotificationDispatchExecutor = environment.lifecycle()
         .executorService(name(getClass(), "keyspaceNotification-%d")).maxThreads(4).build();
     ExecutorService messageDeletionExecutor = environment.lifecycle()
@@ -113,7 +118,7 @@ public class AssignUsernameCommand extends EnvironmentCommand<WhisperServerConfi
         configuration.getSecureBackupServiceConfiguration());
     ExternalServiceCredentialsGenerator storageCredentialsGenerator = SecureStorageController.credentialsGenerator(
         configuration.getSecureStorageServiceConfiguration());
-    
+
     DynamicConfigurationManager<DynamicConfiguration> dynamicConfigurationManager = new DynamicConfigurationManager<>(
         configuration.getAppConfig().getApplication(), configuration.getAppConfig().getEnvironment(),
         configuration.getAppConfig().getConfigurationName(), DynamicConfiguration.class);
@@ -190,7 +195,7 @@ public class AssignUsernameCommand extends EnvironmentCommand<WhisperServerConfi
     ClientPresenceManager clientPresenceManager = new ClientPresenceManager(clientPresenceCluster,
         Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor(), keyspaceNotificationDispatchExecutor);
     MessagesCache messagesCache = new MessagesCache(messageInsertCacheCluster, messageReadDeleteCluster,
-        Clock.systemUTC(), keyspaceNotificationDispatchExecutor, messageDeletionExecutor);
+        Clock.systemUTC(), keyspaceNotificationDispatchExecutor, messageDeliveryScheduler, messageDeletionExecutor);
     DirectoryQueue directoryQueue = new DirectoryQueue(
         configuration.getDirectoryConfiguration().getSqsConfiguration());
     ProfilesManager profilesManager = new ProfilesManager(profiles, cacheCluster);
diff --git a/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/workers/CommandDependencies.java b/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/workers/CommandDependencies.java
index 320b3b557..f227da10b 100644
--- a/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/workers/CommandDependencies.java
+++ b/service/src/main/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/workers/CommandDependencies.java
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.storage.ReportMessageManager;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.storage.StoredVerificationCodeManager;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.storage.VerificationCodeStore;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.util.DynamoDbFromConfig;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Scheduler;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Schedulers;
 import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbAsyncClient;
 import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
 
@@ -78,6 +80,9 @@ record CommandDependencies(
     FaultTolerantRedisCluster cacheCluster = new FaultTolerantRedisCluster("main_cache_cluster",
         configuration.getCacheClusterConfiguration(), redisClusterClientResources);
 
+    Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler = Schedulers.fromExecutorService(
+        environment.lifecycle().executorService("messageDelivery").maxThreads(4)
+            .build());
     ExecutorService keyspaceNotificationDispatchExecutor = environment.lifecycle()
         .executorService(name(name, "keyspaceNotification-%d")).maxThreads(4).build();
     ExecutorService messageDeletionExecutor = environment.lifecycle()
@@ -167,7 +172,7 @@ record CommandDependencies(
     ClientPresenceManager clientPresenceManager = new ClientPresenceManager(clientPresenceCluster,
         Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor(), keyspaceNotificationDispatchExecutor);
     MessagesCache messagesCache = new MessagesCache(messageInsertCacheCluster, messageReadDeleteCluster,
-        Clock.systemUTC(), keyspaceNotificationDispatchExecutor, messageDeletionExecutor);
+        Clock.systemUTC(), keyspaceNotificationDispatchExecutor, messageDeliveryScheduler, messageDeletionExecutor);
     DirectoryQueue directoryQueue = new DirectoryQueue(
         configuration.getDirectoryConfiguration().getSqsConfiguration());
     ProfilesManager profilesManager = new ProfilesManager(profiles, cacheCluster);
diff --git a/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/controllers/MessageControllerTest.java b/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/controllers/MessageControllerTest.java
index dbe4aa93d..dbbe6d416 100644
--- a/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/controllers/MessageControllerTest.java
+++ b/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/controllers/MessageControllerTest.java
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ import javax.ws.rs.core.Response;
 import org.glassfish.jersey.server.ServerProperties;
 import org.glassfish.jersey.test.grizzly.GrizzlyWebTestContainerFactory;
 import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterAll;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
@@ -104,6 +105,8 @@ import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.util.Pair;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.util.SystemMapper;
 import org.whispersystems.websocket.Stories;
 import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Scheduler;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Schedulers;
 
 @ExtendWith(DropwizardExtensionsSupport.class)
 class MessageControllerTest {
@@ -142,6 +145,7 @@ class MessageControllerTest {
   private static final PushNotificationManager pushNotificationManager = mock(PushNotificationManager.class);
   private static final ReportMessageManager reportMessageManager = mock(ReportMessageManager.class);
   private static final ExecutorService multiRecipientMessageExecutor = mock(ExecutorService.class);
+  private static final Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler = Schedulers.newBoundedElastic(10, 10_000, "messageDelivery");
 
   private static final ResourceExtension resources = ResourceExtension.builder()
       .addProperty(ServerProperties.UNWRAP_COMPLETION_STAGE_IN_WRITER_ENABLE, Boolean.TRUE)
@@ -154,7 +158,7 @@ class MessageControllerTest {
       .addResource(
           new MessageController(rateLimiters, messageSender, receiptSender, accountsManager, deletedAccountsManager,
               messagesManager, pushNotificationManager, reportMessageManager, multiRecipientMessageExecutor,
-              ReportSpamTokenProvider.noop()))
+              messageDeliveryScheduler, ReportSpamTokenProvider.noop()))
       .build();
 
   @BeforeEach
@@ -213,6 +217,11 @@ class MessageControllerTest {
     );
   }
 
+  @AfterAll
+  static void teardownAll() {
+    messageDeliveryScheduler.dispose();
+  }
+
   @Test
   void testSendFromDisabledAccount() throws Exception {
     Response response =
diff --git a/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/storage/MessagePersisterIntegrationTest.java b/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/storage/MessagePersisterIntegrationTest.java
index e197030fc..a89015174 100644
--- a/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/storage/MessagePersisterIntegrationTest.java
+++ b/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/storage/MessagePersisterIntegrationTest.java
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.configuration.dynamic.DynamicConfigurati
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.entities.MessageProtos;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.redis.RedisClusterExtension;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.tests.util.MessagesDynamoDbExtension;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Scheduler;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Schedulers;
 import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.DynamoDbClient;
 import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model.ScanRequest;
 
@@ -47,6 +49,7 @@ class MessagePersisterIntegrationTest {
   static final RedisClusterExtension REDIS_CLUSTER_EXTENSION = RedisClusterExtension.builder().build();
 
   private ExecutorService notificationExecutorService;
+  private Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler;
   private ExecutorService messageDeletionExecutorService;
   private MessagesCache messagesCache;
   private MessagesManager messagesManager;
@@ -67,6 +70,7 @@ class MessagePersisterIntegrationTest {
 
     when(dynamicConfigurationManager.getConfiguration()).thenReturn(new DynamicConfiguration());
 
+    messageDeliveryScheduler = Schedulers.newBoundedElastic(10, 10_000, "messageDelivery");
     messageDeletionExecutorService = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
     final MessagesDynamoDb messagesDynamoDb = new MessagesDynamoDb(dynamoDbExtension.getDynamoDbClient(),
         dynamoDbExtension.getDynamoDbAsyncClient(), MessagesDynamoDbExtension.TABLE_NAME, Duration.ofDays(14),
@@ -76,7 +80,7 @@ class MessagePersisterIntegrationTest {
     notificationExecutorService = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
     messagesCache = new MessagesCache(REDIS_CLUSTER_EXTENSION.getRedisCluster(),
         REDIS_CLUSTER_EXTENSION.getRedisCluster(), Clock.systemUTC(), notificationExecutorService,
-        messageDeletionExecutorService);
+        messageDeliveryScheduler, messageDeletionExecutorService);
     messagesManager = new MessagesManager(messagesDynamoDb, messagesCache, mock(ReportMessageManager.class),
         messageDeletionExecutorService);
     messagePersister = new MessagePersister(messagesCache, messagesManager, accountsManager,
@@ -102,6 +106,8 @@ class MessagePersisterIntegrationTest {
 
     messageDeletionExecutorService.shutdown();
     messageDeletionExecutorService.awaitTermination(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+
+    messageDeliveryScheduler.dispose();
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/storage/MessagePersisterTest.java b/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/storage/MessagePersisterTest.java
index 0f63fa89f..d15debee8 100644
--- a/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/storage/MessagePersisterTest.java
+++ b/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/storage/MessagePersisterTest.java
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ import org.mockito.stubbing.Answer;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.configuration.dynamic.DynamicConfiguration;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.entities.MessageProtos;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.redis.RedisClusterExtension;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Scheduler;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Schedulers;
 
 class MessagePersisterTest {
 
@@ -48,6 +50,7 @@ class MessagePersisterTest {
   static final RedisClusterExtension REDIS_CLUSTER_EXTENSION = RedisClusterExtension.builder().build();
 
   private ExecutorService sharedExecutorService;
+  private Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler;
   private MessagesCache messagesCache;
   private MessagesDynamoDb messagesDynamoDb;
   private MessagePersister messagePersister;
@@ -76,8 +79,10 @@ class MessagePersisterTest {
     when(dynamicConfigurationManager.getConfiguration()).thenReturn(new DynamicConfiguration());
 
     sharedExecutorService = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
+    messageDeliveryScheduler = Schedulers.newBoundedElastic(10, 10_000, "messageDelivery");
     messagesCache = new MessagesCache(REDIS_CLUSTER_EXTENSION.getRedisCluster(),
-        REDIS_CLUSTER_EXTENSION.getRedisCluster(), Clock.systemUTC(), sharedExecutorService, sharedExecutorService);
+        REDIS_CLUSTER_EXTENSION.getRedisCluster(), Clock.systemUTC(), sharedExecutorService, messageDeliveryScheduler,
+        sharedExecutorService);
     messagePersister = new MessagePersister(messagesCache, messagesManager, accountsManager,
         dynamicConfigurationManager, PERSIST_DELAY);
 
@@ -100,6 +105,8 @@ class MessagePersisterTest {
   void tearDown() throws Exception {
     sharedExecutorService.shutdown();
     sharedExecutorService.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+
+    messageDeliveryScheduler.dispose();
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/storage/MessagesCacheTest.java b/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/storage/MessagesCacheTest.java
index 493f1b829..c03411d44 100644
--- a/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/storage/MessagesCacheTest.java
+++ b/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/storage/MessagesCacheTest.java
@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.redis.RedisClusterExtension;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.tests.util.RedisClusterHelper;
 import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
 import reactor.core.publisher.FluxSink;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Scheduler;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Schedulers;
 import reactor.test.StepVerifier;
 
 class MessagesCacheTest {
@@ -78,6 +80,7 @@ class MessagesCacheTest {
     static final RedisClusterExtension REDIS_CLUSTER_EXTENSION = RedisClusterExtension.builder().build();
 
     private ExecutorService sharedExecutorService;
+    private Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler;
     private MessagesCache messagesCache;
 
     private static final UUID DESTINATION_UUID = UUID.randomUUID();
@@ -92,9 +95,10 @@ class MessagesCacheTest {
       });
 
       sharedExecutorService = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
+      messageDeliveryScheduler = Schedulers.newBoundedElastic(10, 10_000, "messageDelivery");
       messagesCache = new MessagesCache(REDIS_CLUSTER_EXTENSION.getRedisCluster(),
           REDIS_CLUSTER_EXTENSION.getRedisCluster(), Clock.systemUTC(), sharedExecutorService,
-          sharedExecutorService);
+          messageDeliveryScheduler, sharedExecutorService);
 
       messagesCache.start();
     }
@@ -105,6 +109,8 @@ class MessagesCacheTest {
 
       sharedExecutorService.shutdown();
       sharedExecutorService.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+
+      messageDeliveryScheduler.dispose();
     }
 
     @ParameterizedTest
@@ -266,6 +272,7 @@ class MessagesCacheTest {
           REDIS_CLUSTER_EXTENSION.getRedisCluster(),
           cacheClock,
           sharedExecutorService,
+          messageDeliveryScheduler,
           sharedExecutorService);
 
       final List<MessageProtos.Envelope> actualMessages = Flux.from(
@@ -547,6 +554,7 @@ class MessagesCacheTest {
     private MessagesCache messagesCache;
     private RedisAdvancedClusterReactiveCommands<byte[], byte[]> reactiveCommands;
     private RedisAdvancedClusterAsyncCommands<byte[], byte[]> asyncCommands;
+    private Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler;
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     @BeforeEach
@@ -559,13 +567,16 @@ class MessagesCacheTest {
           .binaryAsyncCommands(asyncCommands)
           .build();
 
+      messageDeliveryScheduler = Schedulers.newBoundedElastic(10, 10_000, "messageDelivery");
+
       messagesCache = new MessagesCache(mockCluster, mockCluster, Clock.systemUTC(), mock(ExecutorService.class),
-          Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor());
+          messageDeliveryScheduler, Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor());
     }
 
     @AfterEach
     void teardown() {
       StepVerifier.resetDefaultTimeout();
+      messageDeliveryScheduler.dispose();
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/websocket/WebSocketConnectionIntegrationTest.java b/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/websocket/WebSocketConnectionIntegrationTest.java
index d47213ba0..5cf17757d 100644
--- a/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/websocket/WebSocketConnectionIntegrationTest.java
+++ b/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/websocket/WebSocketConnectionIntegrationTest.java
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.tests.util.MessagesDynamoDbExtension;
 import org.whispersystems.textsecuregcm.util.Pair;
 import org.whispersystems.websocket.WebSocketClient;
 import org.whispersystems.websocket.messages.WebSocketResponseMessage;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Scheduler;
 import reactor.core.scheduler.Schedulers;
 
 class WebSocketConnectionIntegrationTest {
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ class WebSocketConnectionIntegrationTest {
   private Device device;
   private WebSocketClient webSocketClient;
   private ScheduledExecutorService retrySchedulingExecutor;
+  private Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler;
 
   private long serialTimestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
 
@@ -84,8 +86,10 @@ class WebSocketConnectionIntegrationTest {
   void setUp() throws Exception {
 
     sharedExecutorService = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
+    messageDeliveryScheduler = Schedulers.newBoundedElastic(10, 10_000, "messageDelivery");
     messagesCache = new MessagesCache(REDIS_CLUSTER_EXTENSION.getRedisCluster(),
-        REDIS_CLUSTER_EXTENSION.getRedisCluster(), Clock.systemUTC(), sharedExecutorService, sharedExecutorService);
+        REDIS_CLUSTER_EXTENSION.getRedisCluster(), Clock.systemUTC(), sharedExecutorService, messageDeliveryScheduler,
+        sharedExecutorService);
     messagesDynamoDb = new MessagesDynamoDb(dynamoDbExtension.getDynamoDbClient(),
         dynamoDbExtension.getDynamoDbAsyncClient(), MessagesDynamoDbExtension.TABLE_NAME, Duration.ofDays(7),
         sharedExecutorService);
@@ -122,7 +126,8 @@ class WebSocketConnectionIntegrationTest {
         new AuthenticatedAccount(() -> new Pair<>(account, device)),
         device,
         webSocketClient,
-        retrySchedulingExecutor);
+        retrySchedulingExecutor,
+        messageDeliveryScheduler);
 
     final List<MessageProtos.Envelope> expectedMessages = new ArrayList<>(persistedMessageCount + cachedMessageCount);
 
@@ -205,7 +210,8 @@ class WebSocketConnectionIntegrationTest {
         new AuthenticatedAccount(() -> new Pair<>(account, device)),
         device,
         webSocketClient,
-        retrySchedulingExecutor);
+        retrySchedulingExecutor,
+        messageDeliveryScheduler);
 
     final int persistedMessageCount = 207;
     final int cachedMessageCount = 173;
@@ -271,7 +277,7 @@ class WebSocketConnectionIntegrationTest {
         webSocketClient,
         100, // use a very short timeout, so that this test completes quickly
         retrySchedulingExecutor,
-        Schedulers.boundedElastic());
+        messageDeliveryScheduler);
 
     final int persistedMessageCount = 207;
     final int cachedMessageCount = 173;
diff --git a/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/websocket/WebSocketConnectionTest.java b/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/websocket/WebSocketConnectionTest.java
index 982d98aa8..dbdc2a279 100644
--- a/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/websocket/WebSocketConnectionTest.java
+++ b/service/src/test/java/org/whispersystems/textsecuregcm/websocket/WebSocketConnectionTest.java
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ import org.whispersystems.websocket.messages.WebSocketResponseMessage;
 import org.whispersystems.websocket.session.WebSocketSessionContext;
 import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
 import reactor.core.publisher.FluxSink;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Scheduler;
 import reactor.core.scheduler.Schedulers;
 import reactor.test.StepVerifier;
 
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ class WebSocketConnectionTest {
   private MessagesManager messagesManager;
   private ReceiptSender receiptSender;
   private ScheduledExecutorService retrySchedulingExecutor;
+  private Scheduler messageDeliveryScheduler;
 
   @BeforeEach
   void setup() {
@@ -102,11 +104,13 @@ class WebSocketConnectionTest {
     messagesManager = mock(MessagesManager.class);
     receiptSender = mock(ReceiptSender.class);
     retrySchedulingExecutor = mock(ScheduledExecutorService.class);
+    messageDeliveryScheduler = Schedulers.newBoundedElastic(10, 10_000, "messageDelivery");
   }
 
   @AfterEach
   void teardown() {
     StepVerifier.resetDefaultTimeout();
+    messageDeliveryScheduler.dispose();
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -114,7 +118,7 @@ class WebSocketConnectionTest {
     WebSocketAccountAuthenticator webSocketAuthenticator = new WebSocketAccountAuthenticator(accountAuthenticator);
     AuthenticatedConnectListener connectListener = new AuthenticatedConnectListener(receiptSender, messagesManager,
         mock(PushNotificationManager.class), mock(ClientPresenceManager.class),
-        retrySchedulingExecutor);
+        retrySchedulingExecutor, messageDeliveryScheduler);
     WebSocketSessionContext sessionContext = mock(WebSocketSessionContext.class);
 
     when(accountAuthenticator.authenticate(eq(new BasicCredentials(VALID_USER, VALID_PASSWORD))))
@@ -773,7 +777,7 @@ class WebSocketConnectionTest {
         CompletableFuture.completedFuture(Optional.empty()));
 
     WebSocketConnection connection = new WebSocketConnection(receiptSender, messagesManager, auth, device, client,
-        retrySchedulingExecutor);
+        retrySchedulingExecutor, messageDeliveryScheduler);
 
     connection.start();